This page brings together solutions from recent research—including nanostructured TiO2 photocatalytic layers, hydrophobic-hydrophilic combination surfaces, and integrated water management systems with micro-channel networks. . Photovoltaic modules have emerged as a crucial technology for generating electricity from renewable sources to advance toward achieving neutrality in carbon emissions. Nevertheless, the efficacy and overall effectiveness of solar PV cells are significantly affected by various aspects, including. . Therefore, there has been a recent surge in the development of multi-functional surface coatings for solar panels, aiming to impart properties like self-cleaning, anti-reflection, anti-fogging, anti-icing, self-stratifying, and self-healing. The paper systematically reviewed the theory, materials. .
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