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The rulers of the Song dynasty built upon the technological successes of the Tang to create the most modernized and industrialized nation of the time. During the Song era, China made significant advances in the civilization's four major historical innovations. China was the first civilization to invent paper, gunpowder, printing, and the compass.
This era also marked a flourishing in astronomy and mathematics, with notable achievements like mechanical clocks and the establishment of medical schools. Overall, the Song dynasty stands as a pivotal chapter in the history of science and technology, leaving a lasting legacy that transcended geographical boundaries.
Another Song economic breakthrough with global significance was the development of paper currency. The earliest paper money in world history emerged in 11th century Sichuan Province, where merchants began circulating receipts from money deposits as a lighter, more convenient medium of exchange.
After retreating to southern China following attacks by the Jin dynasty, the Song was eventually conquered by the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty.