Together, the scenario variations provide a range of total data center energy estimates, with the low and high end of roughly 325 and 580 TWh in 2028, as shown in Figure ES-1. Assuming an average capacity utilization rate of 50%, this annual energy use range would translate to a total power demand for data centers between 74 and 132 GW.
U.S. data center energy use continued to grow at an increasing rate, reaching 176 TWh by 2023, representing 4.4% of total U.S. electricity consumption. After 2023, total data center energy use is presented as a range to reflect various scenarios of future equipment shipments and operational practices, as well as variations in cooling energy use.
In 2023, energy consumption by a data center translates to national average of 4.52 L/kWh of indirect water consumption, along with 0.34 kg/ kWh emissions. In comparison, the average water intensity factor for electricity use in the U.S. overall is 4.35 L/kWh, while the emission factor is 0.35 kg/kWh of equivalent.
Currently, there are no legally binding energy standards that apply explicitly to operation of data centers in the private sector. For use within the federal government, the U.S. Department of Energy has published guidance on how to optimize energy use in its data centers.
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